Sunday, 6 November 2016

IP addressing and subnetting: What network administrators need to know


1. What do you need to know about addresses?

You probably know what an IP address is: a number that identifies that device on the network. But what else do you need to know? IP addresses are made up of 32 bits (IPv4 addresses, that is). We normally think of an IP address as something like 1.1.1.1, but really this can be translated into eight binary bits (see Binary-to-Decimal Conversion for more information). Each set of binary bits can represent only the numbers zero through 255. That is why your IP addresses can range only from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
By the way, the IP address 255.255.255.255 is called the "all ones" network because in binary it is represented by 32 numeral ones (1s). The all ones address is used to send a packet to all devices on all networks (as long as it isn't stopped by a router first).

More on this topic

Traditionally, IP addresses were broken up into classes, but those classes aren't used much any more unless you are taking a certification exam. We will learn more about classes below.
Most importantly, IP addresses must be unique on your network. If two devices have the exact same IP address, you have an IP address conflict. When that happens, either device or both devices will not work on the network. Commonly, DHCP is used to dynamically allocate IP addresses in hopes of preventing address duplication and easing the administrative burden of static IP addressing.

2. What is a subnet mask?

A subnet mask is what tells your computer (or other network device) what portion of the IP address is used to represent your network and what part is used to represent hosts (other computers) on your network. For example, if you have an IP address of 1.1.1.1 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, the 255s mask off the first three 1s. If you did the logical "AND" (the calculation your computer does -- see Binary-to-Decimal Conversion for more information), you would find out that the network ID for this network is 1.1.1.0. Where the 0 is located, you could fill in hosts numbered 1 to 254. For example, the first host on your network is 1.1.1.1 and the last host is 1.1.1.254.

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IP addressing and subnetting series

Of special note when looking at the number of hosts in a network is this: The first IP address in a network is the network address and the last IP address is always the broadcast address. That's why I couldn't use IP address 1.1.1.0 and IP address 1.1.1.255. These are special, reserved addresses, but some computers will allow you to use the network address as a real computer address.
"Subnetting" is breaking up a single network into smaller networks. To do this, you add more bits (more numbers) to the subnet mask. Traditionally, we are used to seeing subnet masks that look like 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, or 255.255.255.0. However, a subnet mask might also look like 255.255.128.0 or 255.255.255.224. In both of these cases, it is obvious that the network has been subnetted to break a single network into smaller networks.

3. What is the difference between "classful" and "classless" IP addressing?

When the concept of IP addressing was first thought up, it was decided that IP addresses would be put into classes. These classes are:
ClassIP address rangeDefault subnet mask
A1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255255.0.0.0
B128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255255.255.0.0
C192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255255.255.255.0
Today, these default subnet masks aren't much used except as a point of reference and trivia. For example, if I said that your IP address was 192.168.1.1 but didn't tell you the subnet mask, it would be safe to assume that your subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 because that IP address falls into the Class C range. This is also important when you take some certification tests.
In real life, an IP address today could have any legal subnet mask. For example, you may have an IP address of 1.1.1.1 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240. Or you may have an IP address of 192.192.192.192 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0. Sometimes, people will say things like "I need an entire Class C block of addresses." This just means that they want 254 contiguous and usable IP addresses.
The term "classful" means that the IP address or software is assuming that IP addresses fall into these classes and uses the default subnet mask shown. If a routing protocol, like RIP, is classful, it has trouble with the IP addresses that don't use the default subnet masks.
On the other hand, a "classless" routing protocol, like RIP version 2, doesn't assume that IP addresses have their default subnet masks. Today, you should assume that all network devices are classless unless you find that they are not (like routing protocols RIP or IGRP, or a very old computer operating system).

4. What is a default gateway?

Contrary to popular belief, a default gateway is not a required piece of IP address configuration on any computer. However, if you want to access devices outside of your local network (such as devices on the Internet), a default gateway is required.
A default gateway is where a computer sends requests to IP addresses that are not on its local network. How does the computer know what is and what is not on its local network? As discussed above, the subnet mask is what the computer uses to know what is and what is not on its local network. Say, for example, your IP address is 1.1.1.1 and your subnet mask is 255.255.255.0, and you make a Web request to 1.1.2.1. Because of your subnet mask, your local area network is the 1.1.1.0 network. Meaning anything that is 1.1.1.1 through 254 is on your local network. Because you are requesting 1.1.2.1, which is not on your local network, that packet would be sent to your default gateway.

5. What are private IP addresses?

The private IP address space is defined by RFC1918. In this RFC, it says that no public (take that as "no Internet") devices will use or recognize the following IP addresses:
  • 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
  • 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
  • 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
Your IP address may be the same on your PC as someone else's if you have a private IP address. These ranges of IP addresses are available for anyone to use on their own internal (private) network. There is no need to keep them unique. I can have IP address 192.168.1.1 on my home network and so can everyone else in the world! When I go to make a request to the Internet, however, that private IP address must be converted into a public IP address or else the Internet router I make the request to will just throw my request away (because I have a private IP address). Network Address Translation (NAT) is what performs this public-to-private translation (see RFC1631 andRFC2663 for more information on NAT).
Private IP addresses are there to reduce the need for more public IP addresses. An unintentional consequence is that they provide a tiny bit of security.
So, if I am trying to FTP to your computer on the Internet and you tell me that your IP address is 192.168.3.3, I will tell you "No, I need your public IP address, not your private IP address."
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Difference between Sql Server Char and Varchar Data Type

Everyone knows about the basic difference between CHAR and VARCHAR data types. In this article apart from the basic difference, will discuss on one more interesting difference which I have observed recently.
CHAR Data Type is a Fixed Length Data Type. For example if you declare a variable/column of CHAR (10) data type, then it will always take 10 bytes irrespective of whether you are storing 1 character or 10 character in this variable or column. And in this example as we have declared this variable/column as CHAR(10), so we can store max 10 characters in this column.
On the other hand VARCHAR is a variable length Data Type. For example if you declare a variable/column of VARCHAR (10) data type, it will take the no. of bytes equal to the number of characters stored in this column. So, in this variable/column if you are storing only one character then it will take only one byte and if we are storing 10 characters then it will take 10 bytes. And in this example as we have declared this variable/column as VARCHAR (10), so we can store max 10 characters in this column.
Below example illustrates the basic difference explained above:
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DECLARE @CharName Char(20) = 'Basavaraj',
  @VarCharName VarChar(20) = 'Basavaraj'
 SELECT DATALENGTH(@CharName) CharSpaceUsed,
  DATALENGTH(@VarCharName) VarCharSpaceUsed
Result:
CharSpaceUsed VarCharSpaceUsed
------------- ----------------
20            9
(1 row(s) affected)
Below is an interesting difference, which I have observed recently while writing some script.
Concatenation of CHAR variables:
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DECLARE @FirstName Char(20) = 'Basavaraj',
  @LastName Char(20) = 'Biradar'
 
IF @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName = 'Basavaraj Biradar' 
 PRINT 'I was Expecting'
ELSE 
 PRINT 'Surprise to me ...'
 
SELECT  @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName AS Name,
 len(@FirstName + ' ' + @LastName) AS Length
Result:
Surprise to me …
Name                                      Length
—————————————– ———–
Basavaraj            Biradar              28
(1 row(s) affected)
Concatenation of VARCHAR variables:
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DECLARE @FirstName VarChar(20) = 'Basavaraj',
 @LastName VarChar(20) = 'Biradar'
 
IF @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName = 'Basavaraj Biradar' 
 PRINT 'I was Expecting'
ELSE 
 PRINT 'Surprise to me ...'
 
SELECT  @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName AS Name,
 len(@FirstName + ' ' + @LastName) AS Length
Result:
I was Expecting
Name                                      Length
----------------------------------------- -----------
Basavaraj Biradar                         17
(1 row(s) affected)
So, it is clear from the above examples that during concatenation of CHAR data type variables, it includes space in-place of unused space in the result of concatenation.
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